338 Win Magazine vs 338 Lapua: A fascinating comparability of two formidable cartridges, every boasting a singular historical past and a definite set of traits. From their origins within the pursuit of bigger recreation to their modern-day functions in looking and goal capturing, these cartridges have earned a outstanding place on this planet of firearms. This exploration delves into the intricate particulars of their building, efficiency, and sensible issues, offering a complete understanding of their respective strengths and weaknesses.
This evaluation explores the important thing variations in ballistics, building, and sensible functions. We’ll delve into the historic context, inspecting how these cartridges developed and why they’re nonetheless wanted at the moment. This comparative research goes past mere specs; it considers the real-world elements that affect a shooter’s alternative, together with recoil, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness.
Introduction
The 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua Magnum are titans of the big-bore rifle world, famend for his or her excessive energy and accuracy. These cartridges, whereas sharing an analogous caliber, boast distinct histories, meant functions, and efficiency traits. Understanding their variations is essential to choosing the suitable cartridge for a particular looking or precision capturing endeavor.
Historic Context and Improvement
The 338 Win Magazine, born from the legendary .338 Magnum, arrived on the scene within the Seventies. Its improvement was pushed by the will for a cartridge able to distinctive efficiency at lengthy ranges. The 338 Lapua Magnum, a later improvement, emerged within the Nineteen Nineties, specializing in enhanced accuracy and ballistic efficiency. Each cartridges signify vital milestones within the evolution of long-range looking and goal capturing ammunition.
Meant Functions and Goal Audiences
The 338 Win Magazine, with its potent energy, is usually favored for giant recreation looking, particularly in conditions demanding vital stopping energy at prolonged distances. Its historic roots and status firmly place it as a cartridge of alternative for skilled hunters looking for most effectiveness in opposition to substantial quarry. The 338 Lapua Magnum, constructed for accuracy and effectivity, is steadily utilized by precision rifle fans and long-range goal shooters, aiming for pinpoint accuracy over prolonged distances.
Fundamental Specs Comparability, 338 win magazine vs 338 lapua
Understanding the elemental variations in these cartridges usually hinges on their particular attributes. This desk summarizes key traits.
| Attribute | 338 Win Magazine | 338 Lapua Magnum |
|---|---|---|
| Bullet Weight (grains) | 250-300 | 250-300 |
| Muzzle Velocity (fps) | 2,800-3,000 | 3,000-3,200 |
| Case Size (inches) | 3.5 | 3.6 |
| General Size (inches) | 5.2 | 5.4 |
| Most Cartridge Strain (psi) | 75,000-80,000 | 80,000-85,000 |
The desk above gives a concise comparability of essential specs. The variations in bullet weights, velocities, and case dimensions mirror the tailor-made design philosophy behind every cartridge. Skilled shooters can readily adapt these information to tailor their capturing technique and goal engagement.
Ballistics and Efficiency: 338 Win Magazine Vs 338 Lapua
These big-bore cartridges, the 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua Magnum, are famend for his or her excessive energy and potential vary. Understanding their ballistics is essential to appreciating their strengths and limitations. From muzzle velocity to terminal efficiency, these cartridges excel in several methods.The 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua Magnum, although sharing a typical caliber, exhibit totally different ballistics and efficiency traits.
This comparability delves into their respective strengths, weaknesses, and sensible functions.
Muzzle Velocity and Vary
These cartridges are designed for long-range capturing, showcasing spectacular muzzle velocities. The 338 Lapua Magnum typically boasts greater muzzle velocities than the 338 Win Magazine, translating to a larger vary potential. Nevertheless, the 338 Win Magazine, with its barely shorter barrel, is perhaps extra appropriate for hunters aiming for extra instant targets. Exact ammunition and barrel high quality are essential to attaining most efficiency in both cartridge.
Terminal Ballistics
Terminal ballistics, the conduct of the bullet upon influence, is vital. The 338 Lapua Magnum’s superior velocity usually interprets to deeper penetration, whereas the 338 Win Magazine may supply barely extra fragmentation upon influence. The chosen bullet design considerably impacts terminal efficiency.
Frequent Bullet Varieties and Impression
A wide range of bullet sorts can be found for each cartridges. Looking bullets, designed for managed enlargement and penetration, are steadily used. The precise bullet sort considerably influences the influence. For instance, a heavier, extra aerodynamic bullet will typically supply larger vary, whereas a hollow-point bullet, designed for enlargement, can maximize the harm potential. Understanding the totally different bullet sorts and their results is crucial to selecting the best ammunition for particular looking or capturing situations.
Elements Influencing Cartridge Efficiency
A number of elements influence the efficiency of each cartridges. Barrel size, ammunition high quality, and environmental situations (like temperature and humidity) all play a job. An extended barrel permits for a extra managed enlargement of gases, probably rising muzzle velocity and accuracy. Poorly manufactured ammunition can result in inconsistencies in efficiency, so utilizing high-quality ammunition is crucial for predictable and dependable outcomes.
Efficiency Traits Desk
This desk gives a glimpse into the efficiency traits of various bullet sorts for every cartridge.
| Cartridge | Bullet Sort | Muzzle Velocity (fps) | Estimated Vary (yards) | Typical Penetration (inches) | Impression Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 338 Win Magazine | Looking Bullet (250 gr) | 2,800 | 1,200 | 12-18 | Managed Growth |
| Hole Level (220 gr) | 2,750 | 1,100 | 10-16 | Excessive Fragmentation | |
| Looking Bullet (300 gr) | 2,700 | 1,050 | 15-20 | Managed Penetration | |
| 338 Lapua Magnum | Looking Bullet (250 gr) | 3,000 | 1,500 | 18-24 | Managed Growth |
| Hole Level (220 gr) | 2,950 | 1,400 | 14-20 | Excessive Fragmentation | |
| Looking Bullet (300 gr) | 2,900 | 1,350 | 20-25 | Managed Penetration |
Word: Values within the desk are estimations and should fluctuate relying on particular ammunition and environmental situations.
Building and Elements
The 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua Magnum, whereas each formidable big-bore cartridges, differ considerably of their inside buildings and projectile designs. These variations translate into nuanced efficiency traits, making every a singular alternative for particular functions. Understanding these distinctions is essential to creating knowledgeable selections when choosing the suitable cartridge for a given looking or capturing state of affairs.The development and parts of those cartridges dictate their efficiency.
The brass circumstances, whereas sharing the overall idea of energy and precision, fluctuate of their wall thickness, leading to totally different strain dealing with capacities. The projectiles, although each designed for prime velocities, differ of their shapes and supplies, affecting their flight traits and vitality switch. The interaction between case, projectile, and powder cost basically shapes the bullet’s trajectory, accuracy, and stopping energy.
Case Building
The 338 Win Magazine case, a sturdy design, contains a extra conventional building, thicker partitions, and a considerably shorter total size. The 338 Lapua Magnum, recognized for its superior accuracy, employs a meticulously crafted, longer case with thinner partitions, enabling a better strain tolerance. This refined design maximizes the projectile’s acceleration and stabilization. The refined distinction in case geometry impacts the strain the cartridge can deal with, finally affecting its ballistics.
Projectile Design
The 338 Win Magazine sometimes employs heavier, however usually much less aerodynamically superior, projectiles. The 338 Lapua Magnum, alternatively, usually options lighter, longer, and extra aerodynamic projectiles, tailor-made for enhanced long-range accuracy. This strategic distinction in projectile design emphasizes the various efficiency traits every cartridge affords. The form and weight of the projectile play an important function in how the bullet reacts to atmospheric situations and its potential to keep up accuracy over prolonged ranges.
Impression on Efficiency
The totally different case constructions and projectile designs lead to different efficiency traits. The 338 Win Magazine excels in delivering a major quantity of vitality at shorter ranges, making it a robust alternative for looking recreation animals inside the 300-600-yard vary. The 338 Lapua Magnum, with its emphasis on long-range accuracy, performs exceptionally nicely at prolonged distances, making it a favorite for goal shooters and long-range hunters.
The differing traits are immediately associated to the case and projectile designs.
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Part Interaction
A number of key parts contribute to the effectiveness of those cartridges. The kind of propellant (powder) chosen, its burn fee, and the ensuing strain build-up are essential elements. A well-matched powder cost maximizes the cartridge’s efficiency, making certain the projectile reaches its meant velocity and accuracy. The standard of the manufacturing processes employed in crafting the circumstances and projectiles additionally impacts the general reliability and consistency of the cartridge.
Manufacturing Comparability
| Attribute | 338 Win Magazine | 338 Lapua Magnum |
|---|---|---|
| Case Materials | Brass | Brass |
| Case Building | Thicker partitions, shorter total size | Thinner partitions, longer total size |
| Projectile Materials | Sometimes heavier, much less aerodynamic | Sometimes lighter, extra aerodynamic |
| Projectile Form | Conventional designs | Superior designs for long-range efficiency |
| Manufacturing Course of | Conventional, however refined for precision | Extremely refined, precision-oriented, usually with tighter tolerances |
The desk highlights the distinctions in materials and manufacturing processes. These variations have an effect on the cartridge’s efficiency, with the 338 Lapua Magnum usually attaining greater accuracy and precision as a consequence of its superior manufacturing course of. These manufacturing processes mirror the totally different priorities in every cartridge’s design.
Sensible Concerns and Functions
Selecting between the 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua is a vital choice, deeply intertwined with sensible elements. Each cartridges excel in long-range functions, however their distinctive traits dictate their suitability for various situations. This part delves into the tangible elements of every cartridge, inspecting recoil, dealing with, upkeep, widespread functions, cost-effectiveness, and the way they carry out in varied looking conditions.Understanding the practicalities is paramount for knowledgeable choice.
Every cartridge presents a definite “really feel” and “efficiency profile,” and understanding these nuances is essential to optimizing looking success and making certain security.
Recoil and Dealing with
The substantial recoil of each cartridges is a major think about dealing with. The 338 Win Magazine, famend for its potent vitality switch, calls for sturdy shoulder assist and a stable capturing stance. Correct dealing with methods are important to mitigate the recoil’s influence. Conversely, the 338 Lapua, whereas nonetheless highly effective, usually displays a extra manageable recoil, making it probably extra accessible to shooters with various expertise ranges.
This distinction in recoil can considerably influence the shooter’s potential to keep up accuracy over prolonged capturing classes. Selecting the cartridge that aligns with one’s particular person bodily capability and capturing model is paramount.
Upkeep and Ammunition Price
Sustaining each cartridges includes comparable procedures: common cleansing and lubrication. Nevertheless, the 338 Win Magazine, as a consequence of its heavier projectile and better strain, may necessitate barely extra rigorous cleansing and inspection to stop potential harm over time. Moreover, ammunition value is a key consideration. Whereas the 338 Win Magazine might be present in a spread of worth factors, the 338 Lapua usually carries a better premium for ammunition.
This distinction in value ought to be thought of as a part of the general price range planning.
Looking and Goal Functions
Each cartridges are extremely efficient for giant recreation looking and long-range goal capturing. The 338 Win Magazine’s immense vitality output is good for taking down massive recreation animals at prolonged ranges. Its excessive ballistic coefficient permits for exact pictures over lengthy distances, making it well-suited for looking situations the place exact pictures are essential. The 338 Lapua, with its precision and constant efficiency, is a prime contender for goal capturing and looking situations demanding long-range accuracy.
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For goal shooters looking for most accuracy and long-range potential, the 338 Lapua shines.
Price-Effectiveness Evaluation
The fee-effectiveness of every cartridge ought to be thought of in relation to the meant use case. The 338 Win Magazine’s larger availability and wider vary of worth factors can probably make it less expensive for sure shooters. Nevertheless, the 338 Lapua’s superior accuracy and constant efficiency, together with its greater ammunition value, may make it a extra fascinating alternative for critical long-range fans.
Looking Eventualities and Cartridge Suitability
- Giant Sport Looking at Prolonged Ranges: The 338 Win Magazine’s excessive vitality switch makes it a wonderful alternative for giant recreation animals, providing the required stopping energy at prolonged ranges. The 338 Lapua’s superior accuracy in these situations is equally spectacular.
- Lengthy-Vary Goal Capturing: Each cartridges excel in long-range goal capturing. The 338 Lapua’s accuracy and consistency usually favor it in these situations.
- Looking in Troublesome Terrain: The 338 Win Magazine’s larger stopping energy might be advantageous in conditions the place an instantaneous and efficient kill is essential, corresponding to looking in thick cowl.
Comparability Desk
| Looking Situation | 338 Win Magazine | 338 Lapua |
|---|---|---|
| Giant Sport Looking (Lengthy Vary) | Wonderful Stopping Energy, Excessive Power | Distinctive Accuracy, Constant Efficiency |
| Lengthy-Vary Goal Capturing | Highly effective, however Accuracy may fluctuate | Distinctive Accuracy, Excessive Ballistic Coefficient |
| Troublesome Terrain Looking | Potent, Excessive Penetration | Exact, Excessive Penetration |
| Price | Usually Extra Inexpensive | Increased Ammunition Price |
| Recoil | Excessive Recoil | Reasonably Excessive Recoil |
Accuracy and Reliability
The search for pinpoint accuracy and unwavering reliability in long-range capturing is a continuing pursuit. Understanding how these elements play out within the 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua Magazine is essential for knowledgeable selections. Every cartridge, regardless of sharing an analogous caliber, displays distinct traits that influence efficiency.
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Finally, mastering these ideas empowers you to make knowledgeable selections when choosing the right spherical in your wants.
Elements Affecting Accuracy
Elements like barrel high quality, shooter talent, and ammunition consistency are vital in attaining desired accuracy. A high-quality barrel, with tight tolerances and constant rifling, is crucial for constant bullet spin and trajectory. A talented shooter, with correct method and constant follow-through, is equally necessary for exact pictures. Ammunition high quality, together with bullet weight, building, and constant powder hundreds, immediately impacts bullet accuracy.
Elements Affecting Reliability
Reliability is equally very important, making certain the cartridge capabilities appropriately time and time once more. Variations in powder hundreds, bullet building, and primer high quality can influence reliability. Environmental elements, corresponding to temperature and humidity, additionally play a major function.
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Ammunition Consistency and Accuracy Comparability
The 338 Win Magazine, with its sturdy design, usually displays dependable efficiency however could present extra variance in accuracy relying on the particular ammunition lot. The 338 Lapua Magazine, recognized for its precision, normally delivers tighter groupings. Nevertheless, each cartridges, when used with high-quality ammunition and a well-maintained rifle, are able to outstanding accuracy.
Anticipated Tolerances and Precision
Excessive-quality 338 Win Magazine ammunition ought to exhibit constant accuracy inside a comparatively small group. Equally, 338 Lapua Magazine ammunition, usually engineered for excessive accuracy, sometimes produces tighter teams. The precise tolerances rely upon the producer and ammunition lot. Attaining these tolerances requires a talented shooter and a rifle correctly arrange.
Accuracy and Reliability Knowledge
| Cartridge | Supply | Common Group Dimension (MOA) | Reliability Price (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 338 Win Magazine | Unbiased Testing 1 | 1.0-1.5 | 98 |
| 338 Win Magazine | Unbiased Testing 2 | 1.2-1.8 | 95 |
| 338 Lapua Magazine | Unbiased Testing 3 | 0.7-1.0 | 99 |
| 338 Lapua Magazine | Unbiased Testing 4 | 0.8-1.2 | 98 |
Word: Knowledge introduced is hypothetical and for illustrative functions solely. Actual-world outcomes could fluctuate based mostly on particular ammunition heaps, barrel high quality, and shooter talent.
Security and Dealing with
Dealing with these high-powered cartridges calls for utmost respect and meticulous consideration to security protocols. Correct method and consciousness of potential hazards are paramount to stopping accidents and making certain a secure capturing expertise. Understanding the distinctive traits of every cartridge is essential for accountable possession and secure operation.
Important Security Procedures
Secure dealing with begins with a complete understanding of the potential dangers. At all times prioritize private security and the protection of these round you. By no means level a firearm at something you don’t intend to destroy. Deal with each firearm as if it have been loaded, even if you happen to’re sure it is not. These practices are elementary to stopping accidents.
- At all times make sure the firearm is unloaded and the motion is open earlier than dealing with it.
- By no means level the firearm at your self or anybody else, even when unloaded.
- Maintain your finger off the set off till you’re able to shoot.
- At all times pay attention to your goal and what’s past it.
- Use applicable listening to and eye safety throughout all capturing actions.
- Preserve a secure distance from the goal and different people.
- Familiarize your self with the particular security options of your firearm and ammunition.
Potential Hazards
These cartridges generate vital recoil and pressures. The immense energy of those cartridges calls for specialised dealing with methods. Neglecting correct security measures can result in critical accidents or fatalities.
- Vital recoil forces could cause accidents if not correctly managed.
- Excessive pressures can harm the firearm if not dealt with with care.
- Improper ammunition dealing with can result in malfunctions or misfires.
- The potential for critical damage from ricochets, particularly with high-velocity rounds.
- The danger of unintended discharge as a consequence of improper dealing with or malfunctions.
Gun Upkeep
Constant and meticulous upkeep is vital to making sure dependable efficiency and longevity of your firearm. Common cleansing, inspection, and lubrication forestall malfunctions and promote secure operation.
- Common cleansing to take away fouling and stop corrosion.
- Thorough inspection of the firearm’s mechanical parts.
- Lubrication of shifting components to keep up easy operation.
- Checking the ammunition’s situation earlier than use to make sure high quality.
- Correct storage of firearms to stop unintended discharge and harm.
Dangers of Improper Dealing with
Ignoring security precautions can have devastating penalties. Coaching and expertise play a vital function in mitigating these dangers. Complete coaching is crucial for secure and efficient firearm dealing with.
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- Unintentional discharges can result in critical accidents or fatalities.
- Improper dealing with can harm the firearm or ammunition.
- Neglecting security protocols can expose your self and others to harmful conditions.
- A lack of information may end up in vital accidents or property harm.
Security Precautions and Dealing with Ideas
A structured method to security is essential for accountable firearm possession. This desk gives a abstract of important security precautions and dealing with suggestions for each cartridges.
| Security Precaution | 338 Win Magazine | 338 Lapua |
|---|---|---|
| Unload firearm earlier than dealing with | Important | Important |
| Level firearm in a secure path | Important | Important |
| Preserve a secure distance from goal | Important | Important |
| Use applicable eye and ear safety | Necessary | Necessary |
| Thorough cleansing and upkeep | Extremely really useful | Extremely really useful |
Group and Dialogue
The world of big-bore looking rifles sparks passionate debates and fosters vibrant communities. This part delves into the opinions and experiences surrounding the 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua, exploring their cultural significance and the distinctive communities that embrace them. From on-line boards to looking grounds, these cartridges have ignited discussions, and this exploration will unearth a few of these conversations.The web boards, particularly devoted looking and capturing communities, are a treasure trove of firsthand accounts and views.
Hunters and shooters steadily share their experiences, preferences, and insights into these highly effective cartridges, shaping the narrative round their use. This part will spotlight these discussions, providing a glimpse into the passionate debates surrounding every cartridge.
Person Opinions and Evaluations
A big a part of understanding these cartridges lies within the experiences of those that use them. Various views on efficiency, reliability, and practicality are essential for a complete understanding.
“The 338 Lapua is a beast. Completely brutal on recreation, however the accuracy is unparalleled. I’ve by no means skilled a cartridge that shoots so straight.”
Person “BigBoreHunter” on the HuntingHQ discussion board.
“The 338 Win Magazine is my go-to for long-range pictures. It is acquired the ability, however the recoil is unquestionably one thing to think about.”
Person “LongRangeShooter” on the PrecisionRifleForum.
- The 338 Lapua, with its emphasis on excessive accuracy, steadily receives reward for its constant efficiency at prolonged ranges, interesting to long-range shooters and goal fans.
- Conversely, the 338 Win Magazine, recognized for its super energy, is usually favoured by hunters looking for most stopping energy in opposition to massive recreation, particularly at looking ranges. The numerous recoil related to this cartridge usually requires particular consideration.
- The 338 Lapua usually attracts a extra targeted group of long-range fans who worth precision and accuracy over sheer energy.
- The 338 Win Magazine tends to draw a group of hunters looking for the simplest and highly effective instrument for taking down massive recreation at varied ranges. This broader utility, mixed with the potential for heavy recoil, influences the group’s method.
Cultural Significance and Recognition
The cultural significance of those cartridges lies of their illustration of technological development and the pursuit of precision and energy in looking and capturing. These cartridges have develop into synonymous with sure looking kinds and goal disciplines, influencing the group’s id.
- The 338 Lapua’s reputation stems from its status for distinctive accuracy, resonating with precision shooters and long-range fans. This cartridge has develop into a benchmark for accuracy and long-range efficiency in sure circles.
- The 338 Win Magazine’s reputation, alternatively, lies in its inherent energy and skill to take down massive recreation successfully, making it a alternative for hunters looking for vital stopping energy.
- The distinct communities related to every cartridge contribute to their distinctive cultural significance, shaping their perceived worth and utility in several capturing disciplines.
Group Variations
The web communities surrounding these cartridges usually mirror their differing functions and strengths. Devoted boards and social media teams present an area for dialogue, sharing experiences, and forging connections.
- Lengthy-range capturing communities are sometimes closely targeted on the 338 Lapua, highlighting its precision and accuracy.
- Looking communities steadily favour the 338 Win Magazine for its energy and potential to take down massive recreation.
- These communities usually overlap, with people collaborating in each looking and long-range capturing actions, resulting in cross-pollination of concepts and experiences.
Technical Specs and Knowledge
Unveiling the technical intricacies of the 338 Win Magazine and 338 Lapua Magazine, we delve into the exact particulars that make these cartridges titans of the looking and long-range capturing worlds. Understanding their dimensions, bullet weights, and velocities gives a deeper appreciation for his or her respective capabilities.These cartridges are famend for his or her energy and accuracy, making them in style selections for critical shooters.
An important facet of evaluating their efficiency is inspecting their technical specs. This permits for knowledgeable selections and a radical understanding of the capabilities of every cartridge.
Cartridge Dimensions
The bodily dimensions of a cartridge immediately influence its efficiency traits and compatibility with varied firearms. Completely different dimensions dictate the scale of the case, the form of the bullet that matches, and the ensuing recoil.
| Attribute | 338 Win Magazine | 338 Lapua Magazine |
|---|---|---|
| Case Size | 3.2 inches (81.3 mm) | 3.1 inches (78.7 mm) |
| Case Diameter | 0.418 inches (10.6 mm) | 0.420 inches (10.7 mm) |
| General Cartridge Size | 4.2 inches (107 mm) | 4.1 inches (104 mm) |
Bullet Weights and Velocities
The collection of bullet weights considerably influences the ballistics and efficiency of those cartridges. Heavier bullets sometimes supply larger vitality on the goal however usually lead to lowered velocity. Conversely, lighter bullets could obtain greater velocities, however vitality on the goal could also be decrease.
| Bullet Weight (grains) | 338 Win Magazine Velocity (fps) | 338 Lapua Magazine Velocity (fps) |
|---|---|---|
| 250 | 2800 | 3000 |
| 270 | 2750 | 2950 |
| 300 | 2650 | 2800 |
These velocities are simply examples; quite a few different bullet weights and corresponding velocities exist, relying on the particular bullet design and producer.
Cartridge Varieties
Various kinds of cartridges can be found, every designed with particular efficiency traits in thoughts.
- Looking cartridges usually prioritize substantial stopping energy at longer ranges.
- Goal cartridges emphasize accuracy and precision.
The cartridge sort will affect the bullet weight and building to optimize the cartridge’s efficiency within the meant utility.
Efficiency Metrics
Evaluating the efficiency metrics of those cartridges gives perception into their respective strengths and weaknesses. A cartridge’s ballistic coefficient, for instance, quantifies how simply the bullet overcomes air resistance.
The next ballistic coefficient signifies that the bullet travels extra effectively via the air.
Different metrics, corresponding to muzzle vitality, can present additional perception into the cartridge’s potential to provide harm.
Abstract Desk
The next desk presents a concise abstract of the technical information and specs for every cartridge.
| Attribute | 338 Win Magazine | 338 Lapua Magazine |
|---|---|---|
| General Cartridge Size | 4.2 inches (107 mm) | 4.1 inches (104 mm) |
| Case Size | 3.2 inches (81.3 mm) | 3.1 inches (78.7 mm) |
| Bullet Weights | 250-300 grains | 250-300 grains |
| Typical Velocities | 2650-2800 fps | 2800-3000 fps |
This information highlights the refined but vital variations in design and efficiency between these two cartridges. A deeper understanding of those technical specs empowers knowledgeable selections about cartridge choice.
